It built upon ideas set out in linguistic relativity, also known as the sapirwhorf hypothesis, which believed that language structures affect cognitive thinking. The application of contrastive analysis in the classroom. L1 and l2, pointing at the specific features of each language system in its major areas. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. In addition, ca is a technique to identify whether two languages have something in common, which assess both similarities and differences in languages. Ca does not analyze the language acquisition process in all the ways. Be familiar with how mother tongue interfers in the second language outline introduction 1. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities.
Competition model comprehensible output connectionism dynamic systems theory generative secondlanguage acquisition input hypothesis interaction hypothesis interface hypothesis interface position noticing hypothesis processability theory order of acquisition skillbased theories. Contrastive analysis is viewed as an interlinguistic, bidirectional phenomenon which is concerned with both the form and function of language. Contrastive linguistics is the first book written by a linguist from mainland china on the histories and principles of comparing and contrasting chinese and western languages, specifically english. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition. Contrastive analysis literature crosslinguistictransfer. This led to the automatic transferring of one languages rules to another.
Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Contrastive analysis in linguistics linguistics oxford. Full text of contrastive analysis and error analysis a. Contrastive analysis of hypothesis also called ca is the comparison of the linguistic system of two or more languages and it is based on the main difficulties in learning a new language that caused by interference from the first language. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of. Due to the need for a psychological component in the analysis, the notion of transfer is discussed. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. The claim that the best language teaching materials are based on a contrast of the two competing linguistic systems has long been a popular one in language teaching. Contrastive analysis ca was a hypothesis pioneered in the late 1950s by robert lado and his book linguistics across cultures. It viewed learning as habit formation brought about. The strong and weak forms are rejected in favor of a more moderate version which predicts the. Use the pedagogical implications of contrastive analysis in class. A contrastive analysis of chinese and igbo interrogative sentences anajemba, ebele nwamaka confucius institute.
He goes on to point out subsequent theorists criticism of the subjectivity of original cah observations and presents research finding no support for the predictions of the contrastive analyses so carefully worked out by linguists p. And even if the answer to that question is a more or less hesitant affirmative, then one may well question the value to teachers and curriculum workers. Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and. It exists in strong and weak versions, the strong one arising from evidence from the availability of some kind of metatheory of contrastive analysis and the weak from evidence from language interference. His proposed revision, the markedness differential hypothesis mdh, is stated below. It was first suggested by whorf 1941 as contrastive linguistics, a comparative study which emphasizes on linguistic differences. On the use of corpora in contrastive studies benjamins 2007. Contrastive analysis is concerned with the study of two languages aiming at discovering their structural similarities and differences. Contrastive analysis is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the second language learner by evaluating languages m. Contrastive definition of contrastive by the free dictionary. When it became clear that contrastive linguistics was not going to provide the foundation for a comprehensive theory of foreignlanguage learning, the field started showing signs of strain. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. Upshur university of michigan the idea of using contrastive analyses in writing foreign language tests has provided a working hypothesis for the actual construction of a number of instruments, and has given consider. Acomparisonoftheenglishandtagalogsoundsystems 3between these two languages.
Contrastive analysis became associated with behaviorist psychology, which was another separate influence on language teaching, particularly on audiolingual language teaching, and especially in the united states. Be aware of some differences between arabic and english 4. Contrastive analysis and learner language 2 preface the present text has grown out of several years work on the englishnorwegian parallel corpus enpc, as presented in my recent monograph seeing through multilingual corpora. Basis for planning courses and designing materials contrastive analysis hypothesis cah points to consider 1. Ca was developed to examine the differences between two languages in an effort to identify problem areas for language learners. Contrastive analysis means the comparison of two languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared. Cah this extension of the notion of ca attributed the ability to predict errors to a ca of two languages, a predictability that practitioners associated with the degree of similarity between the two systems.
Teaching materials can make use of contrastive analysis and the difficulties between the two languages can. Historically it has been used to establish language genealogies. Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian 2. Contrastive grammar deals with the synchronic analysis of similarities and differences of two or more languages. Still a third hypothesis, and the one which is of special interest in this paper, is the contrastive analysis hypothesis, a hypothesis of particular this paper was presented at the tesol convention, march 1970. It was soon pointed out that many errors predicted by contrastive analysis were inexplicably not observed in learners language. Ca is unable to account for the failures or the success of the learners. Contrastive analysis assumes that the patterns and rules of l1 cause difficulties to l2 learning. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. The interest in ea, however, declined after the growing enthusiasm for contrastive analysis henceforth ca which was considered a more reliable method than ea for predicting and explaining learning difficulties chau, 1975.
The term was first coined by the american applied linguist robert kaplan in 1966 to denote eclecticism and subsequent growth of collective knowledge in certain languages. What is contrastive analysis linguistics philology. Contrastive analysis and error analysis in combination. One of the earliest theories in this linguistic approach was contrastive analysis hypothesis lado 1957, which became especially influential in language teaching and learning. What is contrastive analysis free download as powerpoint presentation.
The definition ca is sla approach that compares features of l1 and l2 in order to determine the similarities and differences of l1 to l2 3. Document resume the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning contexts it cannot be easily denied that such interference does exist and can explain difficulties brown, 1994, p. At this time, behaviorism and structuralism structural linguistics were predominate in. Using both psycholinguistic and linguistic analysis, he establishes a sound theoretical basis for ca before going on to illustrate its contribution to the study of linguistic universals, bilingualism. Wardhaugh, director of the english language institute of. No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis. The criticism is that contrastive analysis hypothesis could not be sustained by empirical evidence.
This is done by looking at the structural similarities and differences of the studied languages. Almaloul 2014 supports the belief that contrastive analysis studies the similarities and differences. As such, contrastive analysis must view language psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically as a system to be both described and acquired. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. The contrastive analysis hypothesis cah framework using the contrastive analysis ca as the assessment tool was used to point out the similarities and. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of the target language and culture. Contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a persons first language and his or her culture influence writing in a second language or how a common language is used among different cultures.
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